教科书为《Worlds Together, Worlds Apart》第六版，主编来自普林斯顿大学。Challenge yourself！

Imagining the World 想象世界

During this period when Afro-Eurasia was “becoming the world,” cartographers began producing “world” maps. In 1154 al-Idrisi, a Muslim cartographer sponsored by King Roger II of Sicily, produced his Tabula Rogeriana. Al-Idrisi’s map was accompanied by a commentary that contained information about the ten regions (numbered west to east; but note that the map was drawn so that the south is at the top) and seven climate zones (numbered south to north and following the scheme set forth by the second-century CE Greco-Roman geographer Ptolemy). In 1375, a Jewish mapmaker named Abraham Cresques, from the island of Majorca off the east coast of Spain, produced the second map included here, which is known as the Catalan Atlas. Cresques’s map is a mixture of practical information and storytelling. The crisscrossed lines that mark compass bearings, suggestive of a nautical chart, reflect the influence of the compass on European mapmaking beginning around 1300. The ornate depictions of the Mali king Mansa Musa and the caravan of Marco Polo offer historical information. In 1459, a monk named Fra Mauro, from Venice, created his Mappa Mundi (Map of the World), the third map pictured here. Fra Mauro’s map is striking in its detail and information. Not only does it carefully mark out shorelines, rivers, cities, and other geographic features, but it also includes banners with detailed information and even drawings of the different types of ships (such as the North Atlantic cogs, Chinese junks, and Arabian dhows, discussed in this chapter) that sailed the different seas.

在这个亚非欧大陆 "成为世界 "的时期，制图师开始制作 "世界 "地图。1154年，由西西里岛国王罗杰二世赞助的穆斯林制图师阿尔-伊德里斯绘制了他的若格瑞纳地图。阿尔-伊德里斯的地图附有评注，其中包含了关于十个地区（从西向东编号；但请注意，地图的绘制方式是将南方放在顶部）和七个气候区（从南向北编号，遵循公元二世纪希腊罗马地理学家托勒密提出的方案）的信息。1375年，来自西班牙东海岸马约卡岛的一位名叫亚伯拉罕·克雷斯克斯的犹太制图师绘制了这里的第二幅地图，该地图被称为《加泰罗尼亚地图集》。克雷斯克斯的地图是实用信息和故事的混合体。纵横交错的线条标志着罗盘的方位，让人联想到航海图，反映了罗盘在1300年左右开始对欧洲地图制作的影响。地图对马里国王曼萨·穆萨和马可·波罗商队的华丽描绘提供了历史信息。1459年，来自威尼斯的一位名叫弗拉·毛罗的修道士绘制了他的Mappa Mundi（世界地图），即这里的第三幅地图。弗拉·毛罗的地图在细节和信息方面都很引人注目。它不仅仔细地标出了海岸线、河流、城市和其他地理特征，而且还包括有详细的信息的横幅，甚至还有在不同海域航行的不同类型的船只（如本章讨论的北大西洋柯克帆船、中国帆船和阿拉伯独桅帆船）的图画。

Al-Idrisi’s Tabula Rogeriana

阿尔-伊德里斯的《若格瑞纳地图》

Cresques’s Catalan Atlas (detail)

克雷斯克斯的《加泰罗尼亚地图集》（局部）

Fra Mauro’s Mappa Mundi

弗拉·毛罗的《世界地图》

QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS 分析题

1.Compare these maps in terms of their representations of land, water, perspective, and other features. What accounts for the maps’ similarities and differences?

1.比较这些地图对土地、水、视角和其他特征的表现。是什么原因导致了这些地图的相似性和差异性？

2.Based on the features and information on the maps, where did the cartographers get the data to create them? How might these maps have been used, and by whom?

2.根据地图上的特征和信息，制图师是从哪里获得数据来绘制这些地图的？这些地图如何被使用，由谁使用？

3.What do these maps suggest about how these cartographers and their patrons understood the known world? Why are certain parts of the world emphasized and others left off?

3.这些地图表明，这些制图师和他们的赞助人是如何理解已知世界的？为什么世界的某些部分被强调，而另一些部分则被忽略？